Results from one overwhelming or life-threatening event, such as an accident, assault, natural disaster, or sudden loss. Even a single experience can disrupt a person’s sense of safety and leave lasting emotional, cognitive, or physical effects.

Develops from repeated or ongoing exposure to distressing situations, for example, long-term abuse, neglect, domestic violence, or bullying. Complex trauma often begins in childhood and can deeply influence emotional regulation, relationships, and self-worth.

Occurs when early experiences of insecurity or harm affect attachment, growth, and emotional development. These patterns can also pass between generations through family dynamics, cultural narratives, or collective historical events.

Experienced indirectly by caregivers, therapists, or professionals exposed to others’ trauma stories. Over time, this secondary exposure can mirror the emotional and physical symptoms of direct trauma, impacting wellbeing and professional resilience.

Involves harm or the threat of harm to one’s body, boundaries, or sense of self. It can include physical abuse, sexual assault, harassment, or emotional manipulation. Such experiences may deeply affect a person’s ability to trust, lower self-esteem, and disrupt feelings of safety in relationships and everyday life.